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Broccoli and watercress suppress
matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and invasiveness of human MDA-MB-231 breast
cancer cells.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005 Jun 10;
Rose P, Huang Q, Ong CN, Whiteman M.
Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive,
Singapore 117597, Singapore.
A high dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables has been associated with a
reduction in numerous human pathologies particularly cancer. In the current
study, we examined the inhibitory effects of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var.
italica) and watercress (Rorripa nasturtium aquaticum) extracts on
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cancer cell invasion and
matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity using human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
Aberrant overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases, including
metalloproteinase-9, is associated with increased invasive potential in cancer
cell lines. Our results demonstrate that extracts of broccoli and Rorripa
suppressed TPA-induced MMP-9 activity and invasiveness in a concentration
dependant manner as determined by zymographic analysis. Furthermore,
fractionation of individual extracts followed by liquid chromatography mass
spectroscopy analysis (LC-MS) revealed that the inhibitory effects of each
vegetable were associated with the presence of 4-methysulfinylbutyl
(sulforaphane) and 7-methylsulphinylheptyl isothiocyanates. Taken together, our
data indicate that isothiocyanates derived form broccoli and Rorripa
inhibit metalloproteinase 9 activities and also suppress the invasive
potential of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in vitro. The
inhibitory effects observed in the current study may contribute to the
suppression of carcinogenesis by diets high in cruciferous vegetables.
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