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Phytoestrogens and Thyroid Cancer Risk: The San
Francisco Bay Area Thyroid Cancer Study.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002 Jan;11(1):43-9
Horn-Ross PL, Hoggatt KJ, Lee MM.
Northern California Cancer Center, 32960 Alvarado-Niles Road, Suite 600, Union
City, CA 94587
Epidemiological and pathological data suggest that thyroid cancer may well be an
estrogen-dependent disease. The relationship between thyroid cancer risk and
dietary phytoestrogens, which can have both estrogenic and antiestrogenic
properties, has not been previously studied. We present data from a multiethnic
population-based case-control study of thyroid cancer conducted in the San
Francisco Bay Area. Of 817 cases diagnosed between 1995 and 1998 (1992 and 1998
for Asian women), 608 (74%) were interviewed. Of 793 controls identified through
random-digit dialing, 558 (70%) were interviewed. Phytoestrogen consumption was
assessed via a food-frequency questionnaire and a newly developed nutrient
database. The consumption of traditional and nontraditional soy-based foods and
alfalfa sprouts were associated with reduced risk of thyroid cancer.
Consumption of "western" foods with added soy flour or soy protein did not
affect risk. Of the seven specific phytoestrogenic compounds examined, the
isoflavones, daidzein and genistein [odds ratio (OR), 0.70; 95% confidence
interval (CI), 0.44-1.1; and OR, 0.65, 95% CI, 0.41-1.0, for the highest versus
lowest quintile of daidzein and genistein, respectively] and the lignan,
secoisolariciresinol (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.89, for the highest versus lowest
quintile) were most strongly associated with risk reduction. Findings were
similar for white and Asian women and for pre- and postmenopausal women. Our
findings suggest that thyroid cancer prevention via dietary modification of soy
and/or phytoestrogen intake in other forms may be possible but warrants further
research at this time.
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