International Specialty Supply
Supplying Sprout Companies Throughout the World
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International Specialty Supply Supplying Sprout Companies Throughout the World
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820 East 20th Street Cookeville, TN 38501 USA 931 526 1106
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Food Safety Research about Sprouting ISS has been doing research on sprouting since 1979. It has also collected and reviewed over a thousand research articles dating back to the thirties. Customers can call their ISS sales person for information related to it topics of interest. Most of our research involves quality, yield, and labor. For research on nutrition see Nutrition of Sprouts above. Below are research articles regarding safety which have appeared in SproutNet and we gladly share with everyone. There is some promising work being undertaken by ISS, the USDA, and individual researchers with regard to decontamination that is quite promising. However, there is no question that the most sensible method of preventing outbreaks in sprouts is to start with seed that is not contaminated in the first place. See ISS Screened Sprouting Seed or the research at in the Seed Sampling and Testing section. If you are a researcher interested in research that may help the sprouting industry please call Bob Rust at ISS at 931 526 1106 x107. Bob may be able to put you in touch with others working on similar research. These bookmarks will take you to research areas involving sprouts. use your browser BACK arrow to return back here.
"Differential binding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to alfalfa, human epithelial cells, and plastic is mediated by a variety of surface structures." Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Dec;71(12):8008-15. Torres AG, Jeter C, Langley W, Matthysse AG. "Native Biofilms on Mung Bean Sprouts", William F. Fett, Peter Cook, CAN. J. MICROBIOL. 49: 45-50 (2003).
"Naturally Occurring Biofilms on Alfalfa and Other Types of Sprouts", May 2000, Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 625-632, William F. Fett.
"Potential of protective cultures in sprout production". Skyttä E, Haikara A, Siitonen A, Mattila-Sandholm T.In: Noeckler K, Teufel P, Schmidt K, Weise E, eds. Proceedings of 4th World Congress Foodborne Infections and Intoxications. Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany 1998;Vol 1:631-633.
"Potential protective cultures in sprout production" Skyttä E, Haikara A, Siitonen A, Mattila-Sandholm T. . In: Abstracts of 4th World Congress Foodborne Infections and Intoxications. Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Germany, Berlin, 1998:141.
"Protective cultures for controlling of microbiological risks in sprouting" Skyttä E, Haikara A, Siitonen A, Saarela M, Mattila-Sandholm T. . In: Abstracts of the ASM 99th General Meeting, Chicago, Illinois. American Society for Microbiology 1999:522-523.
"Scanning electron microscopy of native biofilms on mung bean sprouts." Can J Microbiol. 2003 Jan;49(1):45-50. Fett WF, Cooke PH. Food Safety Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
Competitive exclusion may be the most promising method of producing consistently safe sprouts. If you are a researcher and interested in competitive exclusion please call Bob Rust at 931 526 1106 x107.
"Analysis of Native Microflora and Selection of Strains Antagonistic to Human Pathogens on Fresh Produce" , Journal of Food Protection: Vol. 64, No. 8, pp. 1110–1115., Ching-Hsing Liao and William F. Fett, USDA, ARS, Eastern Regional Research Center.
"Biological control strategies targeted against human pathogens on sprouts" 2005 IFT Annual Meeting, July 15-20 - New Orleans, Louisiana Session 62, Intervention strategies for fresh produce, W. F. Fett.
"Biopreservation in Modified Atmosphere Stored Mungbean Sprouts: The Use of Vegetable-Associated Bacteriocinogenic Lactic Acid Bacteria to Control the Growth of Listeria Monocytogenes", M.H.J. Bennik, W. van Overbeek, E.J. Smid & L.G.M. Gorris.
"Characterization of mundticin L, a Class IIa anti-Listeria bacteriocin from Enterococcus mundtii CUGF08" Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009 Jul 6. Feng G, Guron GK, Churey JJ, Worobo RW.
"Characterization of the cultivable microbiota of sprouts and their potential for application as protective cultures." Syst Appl Microbiol. 2007 Sep;30(6):483-93. Epub 2007 May 18. Weiss A, Hertel C, Grothe S, Ha D, Hammes WP. Institute of Food Technology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
"Competitive exclusion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and coliforms by Lactococcus lactis isolated from radish [Raphanus sativus] sprouts." Journal of Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents, Japan (Japan) (Jul 2002.)v. 30(7) p. 405-413. Okuda, T. (Sanwa Norin Co. Ltd., Hasuda, Saitama (Japan)); Uchida, H.; Nakamura, M.; Endo, A.; Okada, S. "Composition and Physiological Profiling of Sprout-Associated Microbial Communities", Journal of Food Protection: Vol. 65, No. 12, pp. 1903–1908. Anabelle Matos, Jay L. Garland, and William F. Fett. "Effects of Community Versus Single Strain Inoculants on the Biocontrol of Salmonella and Microbial Community Dynamics in Alfalfa Sprouts" Anabelle Matos, Jay L. Garland, Journal of Food Protection, January 2005, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 40-48(9). "Evaluation of the Use of Lactic Acid Bacteria DSC to Control Pathogens on Alfalfa Sprouts" Technical Abstracts T32, MARSHA R. HARRIS, Mindy M. Brashears, and Durward A. Smith, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 143 Filley Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0919, USA. "Inhibition of Salmonella enterica by plant-associated pseudomonads in vitro and on sprouting alfalfa seed." J Food Prot. 2006 Apr;69(4):719-28. Fett WF. Food Safety Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA. "Isolation, identification, and selection of lactic acid bacteria from alfalfa sprouts for competitive inhibition of foodborne pathogens", May 2004, Journal of Food Protection Vol. 67, No. 5, Wilderdyke M.R.; Smith D.A.; Brashears M.M. "Isolation of two bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria from alfalfa seeds" Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Jun 29 2008 Guoping Feng, Cornell University, Geneva, NY; John J. Churey, Cornell University, Geneva, NY; Randy W. Worobo, Cornell University, Geneva, NY.
"Use of Bacteriophages to Control Salmonella in Experimentally Contaminated Sprout Seeds", June/July 2004, Journal of Food Science: Vol. 69, No. 5. M127-M130. S. Pao, S.P. Randolph, E.W. Westbrook and H. Shen. "Use of Bean Sprout Enterobacteriaceae Isolates as Biological Control Agents of Pseudomonas Fluorescens", Enomoto, K., January/February 2004, Journal of Food Science Vol. 69, Issue 1. Also see our Links Page "2003 Outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157 Infections Associated with Consumption of Alfalfa Sprouts produced in Minneapolis" Kevin Elfering, Program Director, Dairy, Food and Meat Inspection Division, Minnesota Department of Agriculture. "A health food fights back: An international outbreak of Salmonella Newport infections due to alfalfa sprouts" Abstract K47, 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Sept 15-18, 1996, p. 259. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology. Van Beneden CA, Keene WE, Werker DH, King AS, Cieslak PR, Hedberg K, Strang RA, Bell A, Fleming D (1996). "A Multi-County and Multi-State Outbreak of Salmonella Enteriditis (group D) Among Oriental Restaurant and Market Patrons" Bill L. Toth, MPH, Donna Walsh, RN, BSN, Zuber Mulla, PhD, MSPH, Dean Bodager, RS, MPA, Roberta Hammond, PhD. "A multi-state outbreak of Salmonella serotypes Infantitis and Anatum - Kansas and Missouri, 1997". Kansas Medicine. 98(3): 10-12.Pezzino, G., C. Miller, R. Flahart, and S.R. Potsic. 1998. "A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections linked to alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds.", Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Nov-Dec;7(6):977-82, Breuer T, Benkel DH, Shapiro RL, Hall WN, Winnett MM, Linn MJ, Neimann J, Barrett TJ, Dietrich S, Downes FP, Toney DM, Pearson JL, Rolka H, Slutsker L, Griffin PM; Investigation Team., Centers for Disease Control And Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
"A Statewide Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Virginia, 1997" Virginia Epidemiology Bulletin, April 1998 Volume 98, Number 4, Randolph L. Gordon, M.D., M.P.H., Commissioner, Suzanne R. Jenkins, V.M.D., M.P.H., Acting State Epidemiologist, Elizabeth Barrett, D.M.D., M.S.P.H., Editor, Vickie L. O’Dell, Layout Editor.
"A summary of reported foodborne disease incidents in Sweden, 1992 to 1997" Lindqvist R, Andersson Y, de Jong B, Norberg P., National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden. "A Survey of Sprout Growers in California" Technical Abstracts T33, JENNIFER THOMAS, Mary Palumbo, Dean Cliver, Jeff Farrar, and Thomas Farver, California Dept. of Health Services, Food and Drug Branch, Emergency Response Unit, 601 N. 7th St. MS#357, Sacramento, CA 94234, USA. "Again an outbreak originating from sprouts" EpidAktuellt 1994; 17: 10 Andersson Y, de Jong B. (in Swedish).
"Alfalfa Sprout Seeds
Seen as Source of Salmonella Outbreaks":Current Sprouting Methods Inadequate
to Prevent Such Events, JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association),
281(2), 13 January. JAMA. 1999a.
"Alfalfa Sprouts and Salmonella Kottbus Infection: A Multistate Outbreak Following Inadequate Seed Disinfection with Heat and Chlorine", January 2003, Journal of Food Protection: Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 1317, K. L. Winthrop,a, c M. S. Palumbo,b J. A. Farrar,b J. C. Mohle-Bohle-Boetani,a S. Abbott,a M. E. Beatty,c, d G. Inami,a and S. B. Wernera. "Alfalfa Sprouts Arizona, California, Colorado, and New Mexico, February-April 2001", February 6, 2002, Journal of the American Medical Association, MMWR. 2002;51:7-9. "An epidemiological consideration on the recent outbreak of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli(EHEC) infection in Japan". Japan International Cultural Exchange Foundation, Mitsuhiro Kamakura. "An International Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Caused by Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Contaminated Seeds", J Infect Dis 1997 Apr;175(4):876-82, Mahon BE, Ponka A, Hall WN, Komatsu K, Dietrich SE, Siitonen A, Cage G, Hayes PS, Lambert-Fair MA, Bean NH, Griffin PM, Slutsker L. "An outbreak of Bacillus cereus food poisoning resulting from contaminated vegetable sprouts" Am J Epidemiol 1976 Jun;103(6):589-94, Portnoy BL, Goepfert JM, Harmon SM.
"An Outbreak of
Escherichia coli O157:Nonmotile Associated with Alfalfa Sprouts - Colorado, July
2003" DD Ferguson, MD, A Cronquist, MPH, J Scheftel, DVM, MPH, A Woo-Ming, K
Gershman, MD, MPH, J Knutsen, AK De, PhD.
An outbreak of human salmonellosis in Denmark caused by alfalfa sprouts. In: Salmonella and Salmonellosis (Proceedings), 587-589, Ploufragan, France, May 1997. Wegener, H.C., et al. 1997.
"Annual listings, US Foodborne Disease Outbreaks" Foodborne Outbreak Response and Surveillance Unit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A.
"Australia Salmonella Outbreak" February, 2006.
"Canada Investigation" Note from SproutNet ,October 5, 1999. "Canadian Bean Sprout Outbreak", December, 2005
"Demographic Factors Associated with the Consumption of Sprouts Among California Women" J. C. Mohle-Boetani, S. B. Werner, D. J. Vugia. "Detection and isolation of Salmonella from naturally contaminated alfalfa seeds following an outbreak investigation." J Food Prot. 1999 Jun;62(6):662-4. Inami GB, Moler SE. California Department of Health Services, Microbial Diseases Laboratory, Berkeley 94704, USA. “Dover Sales Company, Inc. Recalls Crimson Clover Seeds” Safety Alerts, June 4, 1999 Recall, August 25, 1999, Piedmont, OK. "E. coli, Alfalfa Sprouts - USA (Virginia)" August 8, 1997, ProMED. "E. coli O157:H7 Infections Associated with Alfalfa Sprouts January (2003) ~ Hennepin and Ramsey Counties" Minnesota Department of Health 2003 Gastroenteritis Outbreak Summary. "E. coli 0157 NM Summary" Georgia Department of Human Resources, Division of Public Health, Stuart T. Brown, M.D., Director. "Enhancing Foodborne Disease Surveillance Across Australia Quarterly Report July – September 2003 (excerpt)" OzFoodNet, Western Australia December 2003, Minda Sarna. “Environmental Investigation of an E. Coli 0157:H7 Outbreak Associated with the Consumption of Alfalfa Sprouts” Final Narrative Report August, 2002 – October, 2002, California Department of Health Services, Food and Drug Branch. (This is a protected document available only through the US Freedom of Information Act). "Enterohaemorrahgic E. coli infection - Japan" FSNET. August 11, 1996. By MARI YAMAGUCHI Associated Press Writer. "Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Japan - 1996 – Update" World Health Organization, Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR), 28 August 1996 , Disease Outbreak Reported.
"Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia Coli Infection" Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
Communicable Disease Report, Volume 23-17 "Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Infection" Weekly Epidemiological Record, No. 35, 30 AUGUST, World Health Organization, Geneva1996, 71, 261-268 "Escherichia coli 0157 Infection and Hemolytic Uremit Syndrome (HUS), 2003" Minnesota Department of Health, Disease Control Newsletter. "Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella Infections Associated with Sprouts in California, 1996–1998", Janet C. Mohle-Boetani, MD, MPH; Jeff A. Farrar, DVM, PhD; S. Benson Werner, MD, MPH; Dzovag Minassian, MPH; Ray Bryant; Sharon Abbott; Laurence Slutsker, MD, MPH; Duc J. Vugia, MD, MPH, for the Investigation Team. "Examples of Reported Outbreaks of Foodborne Disease Associated with Seed Sprouts" Chapter IV Outbreaks Associated with Fresh Produce: Incidence, Growth, and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce in Analysis and Evaluation of Preventive Control Measures for the Control and Reduction/Elimination of Microbial Hazards on Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce, Outbreaks Tables, Table O-4: U. S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, September 30, 2001. "Factory outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Japan.", Emerg Infect Dis 1999 May-Jun;5(3):424-8, Watanabe Y, Ozasa K, Mermin JH, Griffin PM, Masuda K, Imashuku S, Sawada T., Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
"FDA Alerts Sprout Growers and Retailers About Specific Lots of Alfalfa Seed Potentially Contaminated with Salmonella", United States Food and Drug Administration, May 1, 2009.
"Finland Mung Bean Sprout Outbreak of Salmonella Abony" (listing only)
"Foodborne outbreaks in Canada linked to produce" J Food Prot. 2001 Nov;64(11):1863-77. Sewell AM, Farber JM. Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Ottawa, Ontario.
"Fourth sprout-borne Salmonella outbreak in Finland during the 90's" Food Associated Pathogens, Uppsala, Swede, May 6-8, 1996. Proceedings of the Symposium Food Associated Pathogens, SLU Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden 1996:166-167.Puohiniemi R, Heiskanen T, Siitonen A. “Fresh and processed vegetables” Nguyen-the C, Carlin F. 2000. In: Lund BM, Baird-Parker TC, Gould GW, editors. The microbiological safety and quality of food. Gaithersburg (MD): Aspen. p 620-84.
"Growth of Salmonella Newport on naturally contaminated alfalfa sprouts and estimation of infectious dose in a Danish Salmonella newport outbreak due to alfalfa sprouts" Aabo, S. and D.L. Baggesen. 1997. Salmonella and Salmonellosis, 425-426. "Growth of Salmonella Newport in Naturally contaminated alfalfa sprouts and estimation of infectious dose in a Danish Salmonella Newport outbreak due to alfalfa sprouts" In: Salmonella and Salmonellosis (Proceedings), 587-589, Ploufragan, France, May 1997.Aabo, S. and Baggesen, D.L. "Health Hazard Alert - Alfalfa Sprouts and Sprout Mixes Containing Alfalfa Sprouts May Contain Salmonella Bacteria" Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, November, 1997. "Health Hazard Alert - Alfalfa Sprouts May Contain Salmonella Bacteria" FSnet , Sept. 29, 1999
"Health Hazard Alert - Mung bean sprouts Manufactured by Toronto Sun Wah Trading May Contain Salmonella Bacteria" Canada Health Department, OTTAWA, November 24, 2005 and December 24, 2005.
"High Incidence of Extra-Intestinal Infections in a Salmonella Havana Outbreak Associated with Alfalfa Sprouts", Public Health Rep 2000 Jul-Aug;115(4):339-45, Backer HD, Mohle-Boetani JC, Werner SB, Abbott SL, Farrar J, Vugia DJ., Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA. "Infections Associated with Eating Seed Sprouts: An International Concern", Emerging Infectious Disease, Volume 5, No. 5, Sep-Oct, 1999, Peter J. Taormina,* Larry R. Beuchat,* and Laurence Slutsker†,*University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA; and †Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. "Industry practices and compliance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines among California sprout firms", J Food Prot. 2003 Jul;66(7):1253-9. Thomas JL, Palumbo MS, Farrar JA, Farver TB, Cliver DO. California Department of Health Services, Food and Drug Branch, 601 North 7th Street, Sacramento, California 94234, USA. "International outbreak of Salmonella newport associated with alfalfa sprouts" BC Health and Disease Surveillance 1996;5(5):40-46. B.C. Centre for Disease Control. "Investigation of pathogenic bacteria in sprouted seed products", De Ware(n)-Chemicus, Speek AJ. 2000;30:151-8. [in Dutch]. "Japan prepares as O157 strikes again".1997. Lancet. 349:1156. Gutierrez, E. "Lawsuit Filed in Salmonella Sprout Case" Marler Clark Website. "Massive Outbreak of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Infection in School Children in Sakai City, Japan, Associated with Consumption of White Radish Sprouts", Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:787-96. Michino H, Araki K, Minami S, Takaya S, Sakai N, Miyazaki M, Ono A, Yanagawa H., Environmental Health Bureau, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan. "Microbiological hazards associated with sprouted seeds" Food Safety and Hygiene - A bulletin for the Australian food industry, March 2005. “Microbiological safety and quality of sprouts in Western Australia ~ Survey, Summer 2002” ANZ Food Surveillance Newsletter, Health Department, Western Australia "Microbiological Safety Evaluations and Recommendations on Sprouted Seeds" U. S. Food and Drug Administration, National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Food, Adopted May 28, 1999 "Microbiology of retail mung bean sprouts vended in public markets of National Capital Region, Philippines" FOOD CONTROL, v.18(10):1307-1313, 2007. Gabriel, A.A.; Berja, M.C.; Estrada, A.M.P.; Lopez, M.G.A.A.; Nery, J.G.B.; Villaflor, E.J.B. "Molecular Epidemiology of Two International Sprout-Borne Salmonella Outbreaks", J Clin Microbiol 1997 Oct;35(10):2487-91, Puohiniemi R, Heiskanen T, Siitonen A., Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. "More outbreaks from sprouts" Calgary Health Region, Public Health Update, July\August 2000 "Multinational Outbreak of Salmonella Enterica Serotype Newport Infections Due to Contaminated Alfalfa Sprouts", JAMA 1999 Jan 13;281(2):158-62, Van Beneden CA, Keene WE, Strang RA, Werker DH, King AS, Mahon B, Hedberg K, Bell A, Kelly MT, Balan VK, Mac Kenzie WR, Fleming D., Acute and Communicable Disease Program, Oregon Health Division, Portland 97212, USA. "Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Serovar Muenchen Infections Associated with Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Seeds Pretreated with Calcium Hypochlorite", Journal of Clinical Microbiology, October 2001, p. 3461-3465, Vol. 39, No. 10, Mary E. Proctor, Marge Hamacher, Mary Lou Tortorello, John R. Archer, and Jeffrey P. Davis. "Occurrence of Salmonellae in Bean Sprouts in Thailand.", Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1993 Mar;24(1):114-8, Jerngklinchan J, Saitanu K. “Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:NM Associated Alfalfa Sprout Consumption Colorado, 2003" Dayna Ferguson, MD, CDC Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer, CDPHE "Outbreak of Gastrointestinal Disease Linked to Clover Sprouts Grown from Chlorine-Pretreated Seeds" John T Brooks, Pam Shillam, Samantha Yang, Elizabeth Hannah, David Heltzel, Kelly Kamm, Lawrence Slutsker, and Stephen Luby, CDC. “Outbreak of Salmonella Bovismorbificans And Multi-State Alfalfa Sprout Recalls” Recall Notices and Newspaper Articles about the outbreak. 2004 "Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Type 11B in the Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, June 2000", July 15, 2003, CCDR Volume 29-14, Harb J, Isaacs S, Fyfe M, Crowe L, Slater B, Ahmed R, Rodgers F, Anderson C, Hockin J., Field Epidemiology Training Program (Heath Canada), Vancouver, British Columbia. "Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Type 913 Gastroenteritis Associated with Mung Bean Sprouts – Edmonton, 2001", Canada Communicable Disease Report, Volume 27-18, 15 September 2001. "Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Type 913 Maine - January 2002" The EpiGram March 2002, Maine Bureau of Health’s Division of Disease Control.
“Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Type 13 Associated with Mung Bean Sprouts in Ontario, 2005", Outbreak Investigation, May 17, 2006, Rafiq Ahmed, Maureen Anderson, Dr. Andrea Ellis, Manon Fleury, Lisa Landry, Diane MacDonald, Jiangping Shuai, Dr. Sharon Calvin, Anne Maki, Dr. Dean Middleton, Linda Vrbova, Jim Chan, Abimbola Forde, Gerald Lawrence, Joanne Dow, Cathy Egan, Alison Locker, Dr. Bryna Warshawsky, Peter Moccio, Jerry Zalewski.
"Outbreak of S. Enteritidis PT4B Infection in the Netherlands" December 20, 2000, Eurosurveillance Weekly. "Outbreak of Salmonella Paratyphi B var Java Due to Contaminated Alfalfa Sprouts in Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan", August 15, 2001, Health Canada; Canada Communicable Disease Report Vol. 27-16. "Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Saintpaul Infections Associated with Eating Alfalfa Sprouts — United States, 2009" Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 58 / May 7, 2009. "Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Kottbus Infections Associated with Eating Alfalfa Sprouts --- Arizona, California, Colorado, and New Mexico, February--April 2001", Centers For Disease Control, Morbibity and Mortality Weekly Report, January 11, 2001.
"Outbreak of Salmonella Stanley in Sweden associated with alfalfa sprouts, July-August 2007" Euro Surveill. 2007 Oct 18;12(10):E071018.2. Werner S, Boman K, Einemo I, Erntell M, de Jong B, Lindqvist A, Lofdahl M, Lofdahl S, Meeuwisse A, Ohlen G, Olsson M, Stamer U, Sellstrom E, Andersson Y. Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (SMI), Stockholm, Sweden. "Outbreak of Salmonella Weltevreden infections in Norway, Denmark and Finland associated with alfalfa sprouts, July-October 2007" KE Emberland, S Ethelberg, M Kuusi, L Vold, L Jensvoll, B-A Lindstedt, K Nygård, C Kjelsø, M Torpdahl, G Sørensen, T Jensen, S Lukinmaa, T Niskanen, G Kapperud.
"Outbreaks of Salmonella and E. coli O157 infections from Sprouts - US 1995-99". In: Sprout Summit: Best practices & recommendations for the production of safer sprouts from seeds. November 15-16, 1999. Chicago, Illinois., Johnson, K. 1999. "Outbreaks Tied To FDA Regulated Foods" Outbreak Alert Listing 2004, Center for Science in the Public Interest. "OzFoodNet: quarterly report, 1 January to 31 March 2006" Australian Government Department of Health and Aging, Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 30, Number 2, June 2006. "Pinetree Garden Seeds Recalls 'Sprouting Clover Seeds' - Possible Salmonella" SafetyAlerts, June 15, 1999 "Product recalls and alerts" RSSL Food e-News, Edition 205: 06 - 13 October 2004. “Rainbow Sprouts Recalls Clover and Mixed Sprouts” May 28, 1999 Recall. Safety Alerts August 25, 1999 Grand Junction, CO
"Recalls and Field Corrections: Foods - Class II Enforcement Report" FDA, November 5, 1997 "Recalls and Field Corrections: Foods – Class I Enforcement Report” November 25, 1998. "Recalls and Field Corrections - S. saintpaul and S. chester" US FDA, March 15, 2003 and November 26, 2003 "Recall Update: Hien Van Tran Raw Mung Bean Sprouts Recall Complete" SafetyAlerts, FDA September 27, 2002. "Reportable Infectious Diseases in Maine – 2002 Summary" Maine Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Health, Division of Disease Control. Augusta, Maine.
"Salmonella and E.coli Infections: International" August 20, 1999 "Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Phage Type 4b Outbreak Associated with Bean Sprouts", CDC, Emerging Infectious Diseases, April 2002, Volume 8, No. 4. Yvonne T.H.P. van Duynhoven, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Carolien M. de Jager, Teresa Fernandes, Sabine Neppelenbroek, Winette van den Brandhof, Wim J.B. Wannet, Jan A. van Kooij, Henk J.M. Rietveld, and Wilfrid van Pelt. "Salmonella enteritidis: California" Infectious Diseases News Brief, April 28 2000, Health Canada - Population and Public Health Branch (formerly LCDC). 2000. "Salmonella enteritidis
(SE) infection outbreak in Sacramento and Placer counties, March/April, 2000"
State of California, Department of Health Services, Berkeley, California, 2000,
Mohle-Boetani J. CA EPI 00-09.
"Salmonella infections
associated with mung bean sprouts: epidemiological and environmental
investigations" Epidemiol Infect. 2008 Feb 25;:1-10. Mohle-Boetani JC,
Farrar J, Bradley P, Barak JD, Miller M, Mandrell R, Mead P, Keene WE, Cummings
K, Abbott S, Werner SB; for the Investigation Team. "Salmonella Mbandaka - WA, OR, and Idaho - 1999 Alfalfa Sprout Outbreak" Four Articles "Salmonella Newport, Denmark, 1995" Personal correspondence with sprout grower involved. "Salmonella Outbreak Tied To Sprouts From Dixon" San Francisco, Sabin Russell, Chronicle Staff Writer, Saturday, June 19, 1999
"Salmonella serotype Enteritidis Outbreaks Reported to CDC, by January 1 - December 31, 2001" CDC, 12/18/02.
"Salmonellosis, mung beans - Sweden (Stockholm)(03): sprouts" 20.nov.06, ProMED Mail Post, Birgitta de Jong.
"Seed source identified for E. coli outbreaks linked to sprouts" News RX, Health & Medicine Week, Page 1052, 2005 AUG 8
"South Australia Recall Follows Recent Outbreak in Western Australia" SproutNet, May 17, 2006. "Sprout Grower Shut Down by Salmonella" The Calgary Herald/ Edmonton Sun/Broadcast News, February 22, 2001. "Sprout Outbreaks, 1996 - 2004", FDA "Sprout Recalls - Salmonella Bovismorbificans" SproutNet, July 7, 2004. "Sprout Related Outbreaks in Sweden" Personal Correspondence with Birgitta de Jong, Epidemiolog/Epidemiologist, Avd. för Epidemilogi/Dept. of Epidemiology, Smittskyddsinstitutet/Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Sweden.
"Sprouts Alive and Sun Sprout Brands of
Sprouts May Contain Salmonella Bacteria",
"Sprouts and foodborne disease" Food Safety Hygiene, A bulletin for the Australian Food Industry, Food Science Australia, November 2000.
"Sprouts Fingered as E. coli Culprit - Five summer victims linked to food grown outside the county" The Tribune, San Luis Obispo, Calif. Fri, Sep. 27, 2002. “State Health Department Announces Recall of Alfalfa Sprouts” News Release: California Department of Health Services, April 17, 2001.
"State Traces Salmonella
Outbreak to Sprouts"
Kansas Department of Health & Environment, June 4, 1997.
"Sugarcane, chicken and radish sprouts: a sampling of country food safety experiences" J Adv Nurs 2002 Jun;38(5):433-4. "Sunshine Sprouts" Clover Sprouts Recalled” West Palm Beach, FL Safety Alerts, FDA, June 7, 1999 recall, July 14, 1999. "Temporally distinct Escherichia coli 0157 outbreaks associated with alfalfa sprouts linked to a common seed source--Colorado and Minnesota, 2003." Epidemiol Infect. 2005 Jun;133(3):439-47, Ferguson DD, Scheftel J, Cronquist A, Smith K, Woo-Ming A, Anderson E, Knutsen J, De AK, Gershman K., Epidemic Intelligence Service, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO 80246, USA.
"Trace Back, Maine 2002 Salmonella Enteritidis PT913 Bean Sprout Outbreak" Personal Communication, Anthony Yartel, MPH Infectious Disease Epidemiologist, Division of Disease Control, Maine Bureau of Health.
"Update on
Australian Alfalfa Sprout Outbreak and Recall"
“Valley Farms Recalls Clover and Mixed Sprouts” Safety Alerts, May 1999 Recall, August 25, 1999, Arvada, CO. "Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) infection, Japan, 1996-June 1997". Infectious Agents Surveillance Report 1997; 18:153-154, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan. 1997. National institute of infectious diseases and infectious disease control division. “Virginia Tracks Cause of E.coli Outbreak”, Virginia Department of Health, August 4, 1997. “When a health food becomes a hazard: a large outbreak of salmonellosis associated with alfalfa sprouts”—California. Presented at the 46th Annual Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) Conference. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997:15. Mouzin E, Werner SB, Bryant RG, et al. 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"Interventions to Ensure the Microbial Safety of Sprouts" by William F. Fett,
Chapter 8 of Microbiology of Fruits and Vegetables edited by Gerald M. Sapers,
James R. Gorny and Ahmed E. Yoursef, 2006
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"Efficacy of an FDA Approved Peroxyacid-based Sanitizer to Inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Artificially Contaminated Alfalfa Seeds" PASCALE M. PIERRE, Elliot T. Ryser, and Jerry N. Cash, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
"Evaluations of Disinfectants for Control of Pathogens in Alfalfa Seeds & Sprouts", IFT Annual Meeting 2001, Conference Proceedings, Beuchat, Larry R.; Taormina, P. J. ; Weissinger, W. R. "Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on mung beans, alfalfa, and other seed types destined for sprout production by using an oxychloro-based sanitizer" Journal of Food Protection Volume 69, Number 7 pp. 1571-1578(8) 01.jul.06, Kumar, M.; Hora, R.; Kostrzynska, M.; Waites, W.M.; Warriner, K. Food Microbiol. 2008 Sep;25(6):762-70. Epub 2008 May 13. Cobo Molinos A, Abriouel H, Lucas López R, Ben Omar N, Valdivia E, Gálvez A. Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain. "Interventions to Ensure the Microbial Safety of Sprouts". William F Fett, Chapter 8 of Microbiology of Fruits and Vegetables, Edited by Gerald M. Sapers, James R. Gorny, Ahmed E. Yousef, 2006.
"New process may make
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"Physical Means of Inactivating Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes on Alfalfa Seeds" Chih-Ying Lu, Stuart O. Nelson, Larry R. Beuchat, and MARK A. HARRISON, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA "Reduction of Escherichia coli K12 on Alfalfa Seeds by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Treatment" Angela M. Mazzoni, ALI DEMIRCI, Gregory R. Ziegler, and Ratna R. Sharma, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. "Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Alfalfa Seeds Following Exposure to Trans-2-Nonenal" M. AUCHTER and M. C. Newman, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA “Standardization of a Method To Determine the Efficacy of Sanitizers in Inactivating Human Pathogenic Microorganisms on Raw Fruits and Vegetables,” Beuchat, Farber, Garrett, Harris, Parish, Suslow, Busta, Journal of Food Protection, Vol 64, No 7, 2001. 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survival of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds", J
Appl Microbiol 2002;92(3):382-95 "Combined physico-chemical treatments based on enterocin AS-48 for inactivation of Gram-negative bacteria in soybean sprouts." Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Aug;46(8):2912-21. Epub 2008 Jun 6. Cobo Molinos A, Abriouel H, López RL, Valdivia E, Omar NB, Gálvez A. Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain. "Detection and Elimination of Salmonella Mbandaka from Naturally Contaminated Alfalfa Seeds by treatment with heat or Calcium Hypochlorite". March 2002, Journal of Food Protection: Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 452458. Travor V. Suslow and Jiangchun Wu, Department of Vegetable Crops, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, California 95616; William F. Fett, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038; Linda J. Harris, Department of Food Science and Technology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. "Effect of dry physiological seed treatments for improved vigor, viability and productivity of black gram (Phaseolus mungo)", De, B K., et al., Indian Agric., 42, Abstract only, 1998,13-20. “Efficacy of Chlorine and Heat Treatment in Killing Salmonella Stanley Inoculated onto Alfalfa Seeds and Growth and Survival of the Pathogen during Sprouting and Storage,” Jaquette, Beuchat, Mahon, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol 62, No 6, 1996 "Heat Treatments To Enhance the Safety of Mung Bean Seeds", Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 67, No. 6, 2004, Pages 1257–1260, Haijing Hu,John J. Churey and Randy Worobo*, Department of Food Science and Technology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456-0462, USA, MS 03-399: Received 10 September 2003/Accepted 25 January 2004. "Hot and chilled water treatments to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in mung bean seeds". Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Jun 30, 2008, Poster Session 52-02, Latiful Bari, National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba-City, Japan; Yasuhiro Inatsu, National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba-City, Japan; Seiichi Isobe, National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba-City, Japan; Shinnichi Kawamoto, National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba-City, Japan "Hot-water treatments for disinfecting alfalfa seeds inoculated with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922". Food Sci. Technol. Res. 8; 247-251, Enomoto, K., Takizawa, T., Ishikawa, N. and Suzuki, T. (2002).
"Radio-frequency heating of alfalfa seed for reducing human pathogens" Nelson, S. O., Lu, C. Y., Beuchat, L. R. and Harrison, M. A. (2002). Trans ASAE 45; 1937-1942. "Scale-up seed decontamination process to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis on mung bean seeds" 07.sep.09, Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, Md. Latiful Bari, Katsuyoshi Enomoto, Daisuke Nei, Shinnichi Kawamoto “Sterilisation of soybean cotyledons by boiling in lactic acid solution” Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 22, 30-33, Ruiz-Teran, F. and Owend, J.D. 1996. "Thermal inactivation of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds."J Food Prot. 2007 Jul;70(7):1698-703. Feng G, Churey JJ, Worobo RW. Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, USA.
"Thermal seed treatment to improve the food safety status of sprouts” J. Appl. Botany, Band 77, Heft , 2003, S. 152-155, Weiss, A., and W. P. Hammes. "Alfalfa Seed Germination and Yield Ratio and Alfalfa Sprout Microbial Keeping Quality Following Irradiation of Seeds and Sprouts", Journal of Food Protection: Vol. 64, No. 12, pp. 1988–1995., Kathleen T Rajkowski and Donald Wl Thayer, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center. "Assessment of the Potential for Listeria monocytogenes Survival and Growth during Alfalfa Sprout Production and Use of Ionizing Radiation as a Potential Intervention Treatment", Nicholas P. Schoeller; Steven C. Ingham; Barbara H. Ingham, Journal of Food Protection, Volume: 65 Number: 8 Page: p1259 -- p1266, International Association for Food Protection. "Changes in Growth and Antioxidant Status of Alfalfa Sprouts During Sprouting as Affected by Gamma Irradiation of Seeds", March 2004, Journal of Food Protection: Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 561–566, Xuetong Fan,a Donald W. Thayer,a and Kimberly J. B. Sokoraia, aFood Safety Intervention Technologies Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
"Chemical and irradiation treatments for killing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on
alfalfa, radish, and mung bean seeds", J Food Prot. 2003 May;66(5):767-74.
Bari ML, Nazuka E, Sabina Y, Todoriki S, Isshiki K. “Decontamination of Dry Food Ingredients and Seeds with “Soft-Electrons” (Low-Energy Electrons)", Hayashi, National Food Research Institute, Feb 10 1998. "Effect of surface sterilization, fumigation and gamma irradiation on the microflora and germination of barley seeds." Int J Food Microbiol. 1991 May;13(1):47-54., Ramakrishna N, Lacey J, Smith JE. A.F.R.C. Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, U.K.
"Effectiveness of irradiation treatments in inactivating Listeria monocytogenes
on fresh vegetables at refrigeration temperature"
"Eventual Management of Sprout-Transmitted Salmonellosis" Journal of Clinical Microbiology, August 2002, p. 3109, Vol. 40, No. 8 "Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella by Gamma Irradiation of Alfalfa Seed Intended for Production of Food Sprouts", February 2003, Journal of Food Protection, Volume: 66 Number: 2 Page: 175 -- 181, Donald W. Thayer ; Kathleen T. Rajkowski ; Glenn Boyd ; Peter H. Cooke ; Douglas S. Soroka. “The influence of gamma irradiation and sodium hypochlorite sterilization on maize seed microflora and germination”, Food Microbiol. 3:107–113. Cuero, R. G., J. E. Smith, and J. Lacey. 1986. "Irradiation D-Values for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella sp. on Inoculated Broccoli Seeds and Effects of Irradiation on Broccoli Sprout Keeping Quality and Seed Viability", Journal of Food Protection: Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 760–766. Kathleen T Rajkowski,a Glen Boyd,a and Donald W. Thayer.
"Lethality Studies for the E. coli 0157:H7 Surrogate K12 in Alfalfa Seed Using the Electron Beam Fluidized Bed (ebfb) Process", 30 December 1999, Denise Cleghorn and Sam V. Nablo, Electron Processing Systems, Inc., 6 Executive Park Drive, N. Billerica, MA 01862. "Microbial quality assessment and pathogen inactivation by electron beam and gamma irradiation of commercial seed sprouts" 25.apr.08, Food Control (Volume 20, Issue 3, March 2009, Pages 200-204), C.K. Wajea, S.Y. Junb, Y.K. Leeb, B.N. Kimc, D.H. Hanc, C. Jod and J.H. Kwon. "Quality of Alfalfa Sprouts Grown from Irradiated Seeds", Fan, Xuetong; Rajkowski, Kathleen; Thayer, Donald, Submitted to: Journal Of Food Quality, Publication Acceptance Date: May 5, 2002, Publication Date: May 5, 2002.
"Radiation processing for elimination of Salmonella typhimurium from inoculated seeds used for sprout making in India and effect of irradiation on germination of seeds" Journal of Food Protection, Volume 70, Number 8, August 2007 , pp. 1961-1965(5) Saroj, Sunil D.; Hajare, Sachin; Shashidhar, R.; Dhokane, Varsha; Sharma, Arun; Bandekar, Jayant R. "Reduction of Salmonella SPP. and Strains of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 by Gamma Radiation of Inoculated Sprouts", July 2000, Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 63, No. 7, pp. 871875, Kathleen T. Rajkowski, Donald W. Thayer. "Seed viability and functional properties of broccoli sprouts during germination and postharvest storage as affected by irradiation of seeds." J Food Sci. 2009 Jun;74(5):C370-4. Waje CK, Jun SY, Lee YK, Moon KD, Choi YH, Kwon JH. Seed Sanitation - Isothiocyanates There are approximately 3200 crucifer sprouts, such as radish, mustard, cress, broccoli and cabbage, most of which are rich in isothiocyanates. "Bactericidal Activity of Isothiocyanate Against Pathogens of Fresh Produce", January 2000, Journal of Food Protection: Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 2530., Chia-Min Lin, Jeongmok Kim, Wen-Xian Du, and Cheng-I Weibstract "Plant Compounds Evaluated as Alfalfa Seed Disinfectants, Preliminary Study", Larry R. Beuchat, Research Professor, The Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, Griffin, GA. Seed Sanitation - Negative Ions "Effect of negative air ions on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 inoculated onto mung bean seed and apple fruit" January 2007, Journal of Food Protection Volume 70, Number 1 pp. 204-208(5), Fan, Xuetong; Fett, William F.; Mitchell, Bailey W. "Application of high-hydrostatic pressure to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa sprout seeds" Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Jun 29, 2008, Hudaa S. Neetoo, University of Delaware, Newark, DE; Mu Ye, University of Delaware, Newark, DE; Haiqiang Chen, University of Delaware, Newark, DE. "Conditions for elimination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds through a combination of high hydrostatic pressure and mild heat" Applied and environmental microbiology. 01/03/200903/2009; Hudaa Neetoo, Thompson Pizzolato, Haiqiang Chen. "Decontamination of Seeds for Seed Sprout Production by High Hydrostatic Pressure", Journal of Food Protection: Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 918–923. Elke Y. Wuytack, Ann. J. Diels, Katlijne Meersseman, and Chris S W. Michielsa "Evaluation of traditional and new antimicrobial treatments on quality of minimally processed soybean sprouts during refrigerated storage" 2005 IFT Annual Meeting, July 15-20 - New Orleans, Louisiana, Session 36E, Fruit & Vegetable Products: General, B. De Ancos1, M. Munoz2, J. A. Martínez1, G. Sana1, C. Sánchez-Moreno1, and M. P. CANO1 "Inactivation of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 on Inoculated Alfalfa Seeds with Ozonated Water Under Pressure", Journal of Food Safety, Vol. 22 No.2, July 2002, Ratna R. Sharma, Ali Demirci, Larry R. Beuchat, William F. Fett "Efficacy of high hydrostatic pressure treatment in reducing Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in alfalfa seeds" Ariefdjohan, M.W., Nelson, P.E., Singh, R.K., Bhunia, A.K., Balasubramaniam, V.M., and Singh, N. 2004. Journal of Food Science 69(5): M117-M120.
"Potential application of high
hydrostatic pressure to eliminate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa sprouted
seeds." International Journal of Food Microbiology, Volume 128, Issue 2, 10
December 2008, Pages 348-353, Hudaa Neetoo, Mu Ye, Haiqiang Chen ,Department of
Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA. "Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Inoculated Alfalfa Seeds with Pulsed Ultraviolet Light and Response Surface Modeling", J. of Food Sci., Vol. 68, No. 4, 2003, R.R. Sharma and A. Demirci, "Inactivation of Escherichia coli on alfalfa seeds by ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiation" 2005 IFT Annual Meeting, July 15-20 - New Orleans, Louisiana, Session 54F, Nonthermal Processing: General I, D. Gonzalez-Dector1, F. SAN MARTIN2, E. Palou, and A. López-Malo. "Adhesion and Control of Human Pathogens to and on Surfaces (Part B: Produce)", Mandrell RE, Charkowski AO, Cooley MB, Friedman M, Gorski L, Kint S, Miller WG, Agricultural Research Service, Food Safety and Health Unit, WRRC, Albany, CA., National Program 108, Food Safety Progress Report 2001, Section 10: Produce and Animal Manure, CRIS: 5325-42000-022. "Comparison of the stress response of Listeria monocytogenes strains with sprout colonization" J Food Prot. 2008 Aug;71(8):1556-62 Gorski L, Flaherty D, Duhé JM. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA.
"Effects of acid adaptation on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes on
modified atmosphere packaged vegetables", Gillian A. Francis*
& David O'Beirne, International Journal of Food Science & Technology “Effect of Canavanine from Alfalfa Seeds on the Population Biology of Bacillus cereus” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Dec. 1998, p. 4683–4688 Vol. 64, No. 12, Elizabeth A. B. Emmert, Jocelyn L. Milner, Julie C. Lee, Kristie L. Pulvermacher, Heidi A. Olivares, Jon Clardy, Joe Handelsman. "Food as a Vehicle for Transmission of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia col" Journal of Food Protection®, Volume 70, Number 10, October 2007 , pp. 2426-2449(24), Erickson, Marilyn C.; Doyle, Michael P. "Food Safety Risk Profile for Primary Industries in South Australia", Primary Industries and Resources South Australia, 2002, Sumner, J., 2002, Department of Primary Resources SA, Adelaide. “Food service systems: comparison of production methods and storage times for alfalfa sprouts” Sawyer, C. A., A. K. Devitto, and M. E. Zabik. 1985. J. Food Sci. 50:188-191. "Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid residues in mung bean sprouts.", J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1982 Sep;65(5):1118-21, Wong YS. "Guidelines for the hygienic manufacture and retail sale of sprouted seeds with particular reference to mung beans" 1989. CCFRA Technical Manual No. 25, Campden Food and Drink Research Association. Chipping Camden, United Kingdom, K.L Brown & C.A. Oscroft. "Influence of relative humidity, temperature and sanitizer treatment in inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 on radish seeds." Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Jun 30, 2008, Jihyun Bang, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hoikyung Kim, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Youngjun Lee, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Jee-Hoon Ryu, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. "Interventions to Ensure the Microbial Safety of Sprouts" by William F. Fett, Chapter 8 of Microbiology of Fruits and Vegetables edited by Gerald M. Sapers, James R. Gorny and Ahmed E. Yoursef, 2006. "Isolation and Characterization of Nisin-producing Lactococcus Lactis subsp. lactis from Bean-Sprouts", J Appl Microbiol 1997 Oct;83(4):499-507, Cai Y, Ng LK, Farber JM., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. "Isolation of Salmonella from Alfalfa Seed and Demonstration of Impaired Growth of Heat-Injured Cells in Seed Homogenates", Ching-Hsing Liao, William F. Fett, Journal Of Food Protection, Publication Request Approval Date: December 5, 2001, Publication Date: N/A, Publisher's URL: JFP 64: 1110-1115 (2001)/INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 82 (2003) 245-253.
"Microbiological quality of fresh fruit and vegetable products in Catalonia (Spain) using normalised plate-counting methods and real time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR)" Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Volume 88, Issue 4, Date: March 2008, Pages: 605-611. Esther Badosa, Rosalia Trias, Dolors Parés, Maria Pla, Emilio Montesinos “Microbiological Safety of Sprouted Seeds: Current Status and Future Directions” PowerPoint presentation by Keith Warriner, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph. (This is 1.9MB and may take a few moments to open) "Moulds and Yeasts in Fresh and Minimally Processed Vegetables, and Sprouts" Int J Food Microbiol. 2005 Mar 1;99(1):71-7. Tournas VH. Division of Natural Products, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA. "Percent moisture and seed coat characteristics of alfalfa seeds after artificial inoculation" Kathleen T. Rajkowski, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038. "Qualitative Risk Assessment of Seeds/Beans and Sprouted Seeds/Beans" Health Canada, May 2001. "Questions keep sprouting about sprouts.", FDA Consum 1999 Jan-Feb;33(1):18-22, Kurtzweil P
Risk of Food Poisoning Due to the Presence of Human Pathogens in Sprouted Seeds, Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London, England WC2B 6NH, 24 January 2004. "Risks Associated With The Consumption of Fresh Sprouts", Sylvanus Thompson and D.A. Powell, Food Safety Network Technical Report # 16, July, 2000. "The role of cellulose and O-antigen capsule in the colonization of plants by Salmonella enterica" Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007 Sep;20(9):1083-91. Barak JD, Jahn CE, Gibson DL, Charkowski AO. Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA. "Seed Physiology, Seedling Performance, and Seed Sprouting". pp. 961-979. Bass, L.N., Gunn, C.R., Hesterman, O.B., and Roos, E.E. 1988. In Hanson, A.A., Barnes, D.K., and Hill Jr., R.R.(ed.) Alfalfa and Alfalfa Improvement. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin. “Seed sprout production for human consumption – A review” T.V. Price 1988 Can. Inst. Sood Sci. Technol. 21:57-65 "Seed
Sprouts: the State of the Microbiological Safety", William F. Fett, Tong-Jen Fu,
and Mary Lou Tortorello, Chapter 6 of Microbiology of Fresh Produce, pp 167-219.
Edited by Karl R. Matthews, 2006, ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
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